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South African Workshop report on Small Arms and Light Weapons

United Nations
Johannesburg, South Africa
24-25 May 1998

Section I: Introduction

Section II: Overview of the Global Campaign

Section III: Lessons Learnt from the International Camapign to Ban Landmines

Section IV: Report on Current and Future NGO Activities

Section V: Small Group Discussions

Section VI: Report on the Identification of Issues and Priorties of a Campaign

Section VII: The Way Forward

Section VIII: Conclusion

Participants' List
Agina, Mereso - Kenyan Coalition Against Landmines, Kenya
Batchelor, Peter - Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR), Cape Town, South Africa
Crawford-Browne, Terry - Gun Free South Africa (GFSA), Cape Town, South Africa
Dada, Jabu - Group for Environmental Monitoring (GEM), Johannesburg, South Africa
Dimandja, Mrs E. - International Council for Development and NGOs, Republic of Congo
Dube, Joseph - GFSA, Johannesburg, South Africa
Duncan, Sheena - GFSA, Johannesburg, South Africa
Emmett, Melody - GFSA, Johannesburg, South Africa
Godnick, Bill - Prep Com, Monterey, California USA
Hassen, Ms Y. - Peace and Development Committee, Ethiopia
Irish, Jenni - Network of Independent Monitors, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
Kirsten, Adele - GFSA, Johannesburg, South Africa
Lamb, Guy - CCR, Cape Town, South Africa
Laurance, Dr Edward - Prep Com, Monterey, California USA
Lubyama, Hubert - Council of Churches, Tanzania
Marshall, Jenny (for Marc van Ameringen) International Development and Research Center - Government of Canada
Matter, Mr M. - Political Attache, Swiss Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa
McMahon, Bill - Prep Com, Monterey, California USA
Meek, Sarah - Institute for Security Studies (ISS), Halfway House, South Africa
Mkhaliphi, Sbusiso - Student Union Christian Action (SUCA), Durban, South Africa
Muthien, Bernedette - GFSA, Johannesburg South Africa
Mutasah, Twanda - OXFAM Great Britain, Johannesburg, South Africa
Mvimbi, Ayanda - GFSA, Johannesburg, South Africa
Mwakasungura, Undule - Centre for Human Rights Movement, Malawi
Mworozi, Dr. E.A. - ICBL Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
Ntoni-Nzinga, Daniel - American Friends Service Committee, Angola
Rammoko, Gonki - Student Union Christian Action (SUCA) ,Johannesburg, South Africa
Rupiya, Martin - Centre for Defense Studies, Harare, Zimbabwe
Sherman, Richard - GEM, Johannesburg, South Africa
Spiegelberg, Heike - Ceasefire, Johannesburg, South Africa
Thoka, Brian Thabang - South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, South Africa
Torr, Douglas - Church of the Province of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
Vines, Alex - Human Rights Watch, UK, United Kingdom

Background Information
In November 1997 more than 75 NGOs, individuals and government officials met in Washington DC to discuss the issue of small arms and light weapons, and the possibility of developing a global campaign on small arms and light weapons. The aim of such a campaign would be to build on the lessons and successes of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). As a result of the meeting in Washington DC, a web site called The Preparatory Committee for a Global Campaign on Small Arms and Light Weapons (Prep Com) was established in January 1998. The Prep Com web site is physically located and staffed at the Monterey Institute of International Studies.

Since the initial meeting in Washington DC there have been a number of other NGO meetings in England, Norway, Belgium and the United States. In early May 1998 there was an international conference on the humanitarian law aspects of small arms and light weapons in Oslo, Norway. Since its establishment in January 1998, many NGOs from around the world have joined Prep Com. It now has 64 members from 46 countries, including 6 members in Africa (3 members in South Africa). Both Gun Free South Africa (GFSA) and the Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR) are members of Prep Com.

In the light of international developments regarding a global campaign on small arms and light weapons GFSA and CCR decided to co-host a regional workshop for Southern African NGOs to discuss the possibility of developing a Southern African campaign on small arms and light weapons. The date for the workshop was set for the end of May 1998 to coincide with a conference of the Southern African Campaign to Ban Landmines.

By hosting a regional workshop on small arms and light weapons with participants from the Southern African Campaign to Ban Landmines, the workshop organisers hoped to build upon the experiences and lessons of the international and regional landmines campaigns.

The Southern African office of Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) provided funding for the workshop, which was held in Johannesburg from the 24-25 May 1998.

The workshop was co-hosted by GFSA and CCR, and a list of workshop participants is attached to this report.

 

Section I: Welcome and Introduction Session

Dr Peter Batchelor from the Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR), in his capacity as co-organiser of the workshop welcomed all delegates to the workshop. Dr Batchelor proceeded to thank those participants who had remained behind from the landmine workshop. Dr Batchelor provided an overview of the CCR's background and mission statement. This followed by a brief introduction by Mrs Adel Kirsten from Gun Free South Africa, the other co-organiser, who provided a brief background to Gun Free and outlined its aims and objectives.

Dr Batchelor proceeded to identify the various aims and objectives of the workshop, which were as follows:

• To explore the possibility of developing a regional campaign on small arms and light weapons in Southern Africa, and possibly the African continent. oIf such a campaign is initiated it should be driven by the South. oIdentify key issues, principles, objectives and strategies for such a campaign. oExplore ways in which it could be linked to an international campaign.

 

Section II: An Overview of the Global Campaign

Dr Ed Laurance provided a brief outline of the efforts that had been undertaken in an attempt to generate a campaign on small arms and light weapons. He stressed that the key to this campaign would be the "combination of all voices", namely a coalition of all interest groups and stakeholders.

He identified a number of building blocks for such a campaign that had already been developed:

1) Fairly extensive research on small arms and light weapons has already been conducted, to the extent that the nature of the problem is known. All that is required is to take the appropriate action.

2) There already is a global momentum to take action on the issues of small arms and light weapons, such as the UN Panel of Experts and various UN Resolutions. There is also have the highly successful example of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) in which a coalition of governments, civil society, NGOs, and the international community worked together in response to a particular issue. There are many important lessons that we can draw from the ICBL that can be applied to a campaign on small arms and light weapons.

3) Following the success of the ICBL, the need for a campaign on small arms and light weapons was expressed. This led to the formation of Prep Com (Preparatory Committee for the Global Campaign on Small Arms and Light Weapons) in January 1998.

Dr Laurance identified the following preconditions for an effective global campaign:

• In order to deal with the problem of small arms and light weapons, a global campaign is necessary because the problem is global in nature. oIt is a multi-dimensional problem, therefore it is important to broaden the campaign beyond the involvement of disarmament, arms control and peace institutes. As the proliferation of small arms and light weapons is a multi-dimensional problem that impedes human development and security, it is essential that such a campaign include for example development, human rights, health and youth organisations and institutes. This will also enhance the campaign's credibility. oNational governmental involvement in the campaign would also be crucial to its success. By all indications, some 22 countries are committed to dealing with the problem of small arms and light weapons. oResources, especially money, are essential for success of a campaign. It is important to bare in mind that the bigger the campaign the easier it will become to access resources. oThe campaign should focus on the tools of violence, as this is an approach whereby one can tackle the root causes of violence, such as poverty and marginalisation. oGovernments should improve change the way they tackle the problems of small arms and light weapons. oThe involvement of NGOs, representing a wide spectrum of interest groups, will be critical in the success of such a campaign.

Overview of Prep Com
Mr Bill Godnick provided an overview of Prep Com. Prep Com is a virtual campaign, with a total membership of 64 organisations and individuals from all over the world. Its primary objective is to facilitate dialogue on the issues surrounding small arms and light weapons. Prep Com's other objectives include:

• To be a "campaign of campaigns" that will identify various codes of conduct and protocols for developing a campaign on small arms and light weapons; oPrep Com strives to assist local campaigns with respect to technical and electronic assistance in terms of networking and in the accessing resources; oAssist individuals and groups co-ordinate regional campaigns; oTo develop Prep Com and plug it into an international structure.

Benefits of participating in Prep Com:

• Opportunity to express concerns with respect to these issues; oOpportunity to network and to learn what is happening in other parts of the world; oHelp facilitate the creation and development of electronic infrastructure for those organisations that lack such facilities; oNo financial cost involved in joining.

World Wide Web (WWW) Issues
Mr Bill McMahon provided a detailed overview of the Prep Com web site (see attached document) and undertook a survey of email and internet capacity among the participants.

 

Section III: Lessons learnt from the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)

Mr Noel Stott provided an analysis of the various lessons learnt from the ICBL, which were as follows: Strengths:

• Wide representation. The ICBL consists of over 1300 NGO's in more than 60 countries all working in a broad range of issues such as humanitarian, human rights, children's, peace, veterans, medical, development, arms control, religious, environmental, gender, refugees and emergency relief. oFast track approach, which by-passed the cumbersome UN and its system of treaties and resolutions. This was a new type of diplomacy. oFlexible network with common objective. It could easily exploit changes in the international environment. oCross-disciplinary movement that encompassed "critical solidarity". The ICBL had easy access to the media as well as powerful countries, but could also be critical of the major role players at the same time. oThe boldness of the demand - the total ban of anti-personnel landmines. oWide lobby network. oDifferent strategies for different targets.

Weaknesses

• Failure to locate the ban in a social transformation framework (i.e. the structural conditions that lead to the need for landmines). oNorth-South divide. The problem of one group dominating another. oSouth-South divide. oProblem of "personality cults".

 

Section IV: Report on Current Activities and Future Plans from Organisations in Southern Africa

Kenyan Coalition Against Landmines:
Mereso Agina
In 1995, several NGOs formed the coalition in order to create awareness and to increase education around the issue of the destructive nature of landmines. Landmines are the central concern for the Kenyan Coalition, but arms' trafficking also has become a concern. The Kenyan Coalition has attempted to move regional governments forward together around the issue of landmines. Equally important, the Coalition has included civil society in the process. Uniting governments and civil society around the issue of landmines is one of the important achievements of the Coalition's work.

Concerning small arms and light weapons, the Kenyan Coalition recognizes the issue is of important concern to Kenya, where everyday in the news there are reports of small arms related violence. Recently, groups of cattle rustlers, attempting to preserve their way of life, have taken up arms. This reflects the primary causes of small arms violence in Kenya, i.e. inequality and economic concerns.

Group For Environmental Monitoring (GEM):
Defense and Development Project:
Richard Sherman
GEM and the Defense and Development Project's principal concern has been the landmine issue, and they have played a crucial leadership role in South Africa's involvement in the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). Other primary activities and research areas include the role of the military in a democracy, the redirection of defense resources toward development projects, and the conversion of South African defense sectors.

Network Of Independent Monitors (NIM)
Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
Jenni Irish
The Network of Independent Monitors focuses on the violence in Kwa-Zulu caused by political tensions, drug trafficking, and gangsters. They monitor areas that affected by violence, and try to act as an early warning system. NIM believes that violence cannot be addressed without looking at the capacity of individuals to commit violence. The availability of illegal weapons directly increasing an individual's capacity for violence. Thus, NIM tracks weapons in an effort to record areas of heightened capacity and potential violent eruptions. NIM believes that the peace process should include a Code of Conduct, disarmament, as well as an understanding the capacity for violence. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission also should be used in order to gather information, especially concerning weapons. Weapons' trafficking also is a major concern to NIM.

Peace and Development Committee
Ethiopia
The Peace and Development Committee's principal goal is to reduce and to help the people of Ethiopia avoid violence. They will begin to work with local NGOs to control small arms. In this way, they hope to redirect the resources spent on treating the effects of small arms violence towards human development areas. They will work with legislators on the issue of gun violence, begin an awareness campaign and focus on the issue of gun permits in order to regulate the proliferation of weapons. Interesting, they will interview prisoners in order to learn more about the causes of proliferation and gun violence.

Coalition for Defense Alternatives
Cape Town, South Africa
In 1996 approximately a dozen NGOs, religious and non-religious, formed the Coalition in order to formulate specific recommendations for the defense review under way in Parliament. The Coalition believes that human security is of utmost priority for South Africa, and that poverty is the greatest threat to this security as well as society at large. In this way, the proliferation of weapons directly threatens human security and so is of concern to the Coalition members. The Coalition holds periodic meetings and focus groups on this issue among others.

Council of Churches
Tanzania
Hubert Lubyama
The Council is an umbrella organization for Protestants in Tanzania. The Development Services department works with churches in order to inform members on important issues facing the church and society in general. The Council has recently begun to collaborate with other NGOs, religious and non-religious, to work on development issues facing Tanzania. The Council decided to participate in the ICBL in a show of solidarity with neighboring countries affected by landmines. Only after joining the ICBL was it learned that Tanzania also possessed landmines, and the Council is now working to abolish landmines in Tanzania as well. The Council is a member of the World Council of Churches, and it has worked in this capacity in projects involving the massacres in neighboring Rwanda and Burundi.

International Development and Research Center
Government of Canada
Peace Building and Reconstruction Department
Jenny Marshal
The IDCR is responsible for research on development issues. The Peace Building and Reconstruction Department has a focus on de-militarization, and thus sponsored the workshop under this capacity. The IDRC welcomes research projects on the issue of small arms and light weapons or any related issues.

Institute For Security Studies (ISS)
Arms Management Program
Halfway House, South Africa
Sarah Meek ISS is an applied policy research organization. The Arms Management Program deals with illicit arms trafficking in SADIC countries, legal weapons (their regulation, related legislation, and ownership of these weapons), and gun violence including studying the attitudes toward guns, educational programs, and raising public awareness.

The Program recently has completed an in depth survey on the topic of gun violence, and it works closely with the government of South Africa on the development of a National Crime Prevention Strategy.

Student Union Christian Action (SUCA)
South Africa
SUCA is a national organization that is concerned with issues that affect students, such as gender issues, environment, and crime. SUCA was originally an anti-apartheid organization that has branched out to include a broad range of issues. SUCA believes that small arms and light weapons is directly related to crime, which is of concern to students and the youths of South Africa. SUCA believes that youths have an important role to play in a campaign against small arms and crime, especially in regards to implementation.

Uganda Landmine Campaign
Dr. E.A. Mworozi
The Uganda Landmine Campaign is the branch office of the ICBL. Landmines are a medical problem, and Dr. Mworozi became involved for this reason. Small arms also are a problem in Uganda. As way of example, Dr. Mworozi conveyed several incidents of the misuse of AK-47s by the police in Uganda. After these incidents, the Ugandan military collected these weapons from the police. The military is seen as more professional and exercising greater control over these weapons. Dr Mworozi also relayed an example of a gun buy back program in Uganda where a former military general personally supported and implemented a project where over 200 weapons were collected from a village. The need for more of these programs was evident.

Centre for Human Rights Movement:
Malawi
The Center for Human Rights Movement is the coordinating organization for the ICBL in Malawi. They leveraged the government of Malawi to sign the landmine treaty. Apart from the landmine issue, CHRM is concerned with human rights and civic education issues. They research, network and help to develop local civil society in Malawi. The Center identified small arms as a problem in Malawi, stemming primarily from the former conflicts in neighboring countries and the large amount of refugees and former soldiers in Malawi. The destabilizing effect of the conflicts in the region continues as the legacy of small arms and light weapons.

Centre For Defense Studies
Harare, Zimbabwe
Martin Rupiya
The Center for Defense Studies is composed of four projects: Arms Control, De-mobilization, Refugee Program, and Environment Program. The Arms Control Program has studied the effect of small arms proliferation in Zimbabwe as well as the region.

Ceasefire
South Africa
Ceasefire is a hands-on organization started in 1993 during South Africa's transition to democracy. Ceasefire is a peace movement primarily concerned with the de-militarization of society. Ceasefire's other activities include a focus on the import and export of light weapons, lobbying and raising awareness of gun violence, developing political will to limit defense spending and focusing resources on development and human capacity needs.

Human Rights Watch (HRW) Arms Project
Washington D.C., USA
Alex Vines
HRW Arms Division focuses on arms issues, including small arms and light weapons as it affects human rights. HRW has a permanent presence in Angola and investigators in several other Africa states. Some areas that are currently being examined include Angola where fresh arms flows has been documented, the Great Lakes area where weapons continue to flow, and the ineffectual global embargoes of arms to these and other conflict areas.

Oxfam Great Britain
Twanda Mutasah
Oxfam's primary mission is to focus on poverty alleviation and the distribution of resources. Oxfam and its Cut Conflict campaign has begun to work aggressively on the small arms and light weapons issue. In addition to joining Prep Com, they have participated in activities such as conflict management in Angola and interventions in other conflict areas as a direct support partner, as an emergency incursion facility, and other advocacy capacities.

Center For Human Rights
Namibia
The Center is a watchdog agency that monitors human rights in Namibia, watching government actions and groups acting on behalf of the government for possible human rights abuses. The Center promotes education campaigns and exposes human rights abuses. The Center also was a partner in the ICBL and believes that the small arms issue is directly related to human rights issues, as small arms threaten a human right to life. International Council for Development and NGOs Kinshasa, Congo Begun in 1994, the Council brought together varying groups into a peace union. The Council has related programs that have collected weapons and demobilized child soldiers. The Council has identified small arms as a major problem in the Congo, where 13 people are killed everyday in the Congo by guns.

Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR)
The Project On Peace And Security (POPS)
Cape Town, South Africa
POPS focuses on defense related issues in South Africa and the southern African region. POPS has done research on the defense industry and policy research on the arms trade.

Gun Free South Africa
Adele Kirsten
Started in 1994 from the end conscription campaign, Gun Free is focussed on the goal of the reduction of guns in South African society. Gun Free pursues this objective through advocacy work including working with Parliament, the police and the Safety and Security department. Gun Free also promotes networking of local, regional, and international like-minded NGOs, as well as organizes weapons turn-in programs and gun free areas.

Summary of the General Themes and Common Activities of the Participating Organisations

Several general themes of the participating NGOs' work as related to future regional and national campaigns on small arms and light weapons were identified. These themes and common activities will facilitate the process of identifying the roles and areas of action of a future co-ordinated campaign. The following themes and areas of action and research were identified by a majority of the participants as part of their current or potential NGO activities:

• monitoring of the legal and illegal arms trade; ocodes of conduct on official arms transfers; oanalysis of defence budgets, arms registries and management of government inventories; odemilitarisation; § arms embargoes; oconflict management and resolution; oconflict prevention; odemobilisation and reintegration of ex-combatants; oconversion of military resources to civilian uses; ovoluntary weapons collection programmes; oICBL campaign and related issues; ooversight of policing and security institutions; ogun free society; § youth crime; omedical issues related to gun violence.

The more general themes and areas of action mentioned were:

• public awareness raising; oapplied research and investigation; oadvocacy, government lobbying; ocivic education and empowerment; odevelopment and change of cultures and attitudes; oNGO networking and coalition building; ohuman rights monitoring and advocacy; opeace and social justice.

 

Section V: Small Group Discussions

Small Arms and Light Weapons in Southern and Eastern Africa: Key Issues and Priorities in Individual countries and in the Regions

At this point in the conference, the participants were divided into four groups incorporating southern African, eastern African and international representatives. These groups discussed the key causes of the problems related to small arms as well as identified the principles, objectives and strategies that could serve as a foundation for national and regional campaigns. The results of these group meetings then were reported back to the entire group, where they were debated and synthesised.

 

Section VI: Identification of Issues and Priorities

After reporting the results of the small group discussions, the participants distilled a set of causes, principles, objectives and strategies for a potential regional campaign.

The following are the important causes of the problems of small arms and light weapons proliferation identified by the group:

• Poverty, underdevelopment and inequality; oProfitability for arms dealers, traffickers, governments and manufacturers;

• Popularity of gun ownership in relation to status and identity;

• Human insecurity and fear;

• Lack of good governance and impunity;

• Availability of weapons;

• Increased privatisation of security;

• State capacity (or lack thereof) to protect its own citizens;

• Political transitions;

• Failure to demobilise, disarm and reintegrate ex-combatants;

• Shortcomings and failures of international interventions in peace processes;

• Lack of respect for human life;

• Globalisation of the international economy and organised crime.

Based on these causes, the group developed a set of principles that could guide a campaign. These principles were:

• There should be no distinction between legal and illegal weapons;

• Human security, good governance, development and social justice are primary considerations;

• The state and civil society must co-operate;

• Any movement on this matter should be broad based and inclusive;

• Conflicts must be resolved through non-violent means;

• The public at-large needs reliable and accurate information regarding small arms and light weapons as well as their social consequences;

• Transparency.

An important point regarding the use of language was raised as well. The term "small arms and light weapons" was viewed by some as to technical and unclear to be used in a regional or national campaign. Others argued that the term was important in order to maintain consistency with other campaigns around the world. A compromise was reached where in the international context, the term "small arms and light weapons" would be used, however national and regional movements will have the liberty to choose the term most appropriate.

No consensus was derived on what the objectives of a campaign would be, but the following are a list of possible objectives as discussed by the group:

• Disarm civilians;

• Stop the spread (proliferation) of arms;

• Reduce the number of arms in circulation;

• Raise public awareness;

• Work with regional organisations; · Stigmatise gun ownership;

• Stop misuse of arms among civilians and state officials;

• Reduce defence expenditures;

• Reduce weapons production;

• Stop civilian deaths and casualties;

• Manage and control weapons in military/government inventories and under civilian possession;

• Encourage and form national campaigns.

In order to achieve these potential objectives, the following strategies were proposed although no clear consensus was reached:

• Work with existing regional, national and local organisations and initiatives;

• Carry out focused research on the topic;

• Link problem to money laundering and organised crime;

• NGOs should monitor and expose (whistle blow) those governments that violate existing national and local laws as well as international resolutions;

• Raise awareness via education, media campaigns and seminars;

• Develop indigenous leadership prior to any campaign at local and national levels;

• Develop national campaigns; oIncrease networking;

• Enhance credibility of campaign objectives;

• Initiate weapons collection and destruction campaigns;

• Work toward accountable/professional state security services;

• Direct specific programs toward youth at-risk;

• Build coalitions that include NGOs and community groups from health, development, gender, child development and environmental perspectives;

• Support capacity building for border control efforts;

• Develop strategies for different stakeholders (international organisations, NGOs, government and religious groups).

 

Section VII: The Way Forward

After the discussion of the causes, principles, objectives and strategies for a campaign, the following steps were agreed upon for further co-ordination and action:

1) Gun Free South Africa, Ceasefire and the Group for Environmental Monitoring (GEM) will serve as interim co-ordinators of a regional campaign.

2) This report, including a list of participants with contact information, will be disseminated to all participants by June 1, 1998. Delegates who have not received the report by then should contact Gun Free South Africa.

3) Delegates will share the report with other organisations in their area.

4) Delegates will think of ways to link ideas from conference to national and regional situations.

5) Consultation within other organisations and collaborators regarding the issue and their interest in the initiative.

6) Delegates will notify Gun Free whether or not they will participate in a regional effort by August 17, 1998.

 

Section VIII: Conclusion

Comments from Dr. Ed Laurance and Prep Com Staff

In his final remarks, Dr. Laurance made the following points:

• He was grateful for the opportunity to both share what was happening in other parts of the world and learn from the experiences and ideas of African NGOs.

• Compared to the many other NGO meetings he had attended around the world, this meeting of African NGOs has made more progress toward the practical formation of an actual campaign than any other.

• Particularly noteworthy was the consensus reached on the principles that would guide such a campaign, especially the commitment to transparency, inclusiveness of NGOs from a wide spectrum of concerns, and the focus on the victims. It was encouraging that the group agreed that both legal and illegal arms acquisition has created the humanitarian crisis associated with the availability and misuse of these weapons.

• The presence and testimony of so many veterans of the anti-personnel land mine campaign at this meeting highlighted the need for a campaign on weapons to keep focused on the root causes of violence. oFocusing on the tools of violence cannot be divorced from the social problems that are simultaneously the cause and the symptom of the well-know negative effects of these weapons.

Dr. Laurance invited the attendees to join the global effort through participation in Prep Com. He will be attending a meeting of NGOs from around the world in August who will hold a similar meeting to begin a global campaign. He is looking forward to representatives from this meeting to share with that group the work that took place in Johannesburg. He closed by congratulating the group on its enthusiasm and dedication to starting a campaign. Africa is at the beginning of the global effort. When the full story is written of the global campaign to rid the world of the consequences of the availability and misuse of these weapons, surely it will show that Africa has led the way.

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